Raising a digitally-savvy child requires a multi-pronged approach, much like establishing good hygiene habits. Smartwatches with reminder functions can be programmed to prompt handwashing at key times, like after using the restroom or before meals. Voice assistants can be used to create interactive games that reinforce the importance of brushing and flossing – turning chores into engaging experiences.
Interactive apps with gamified elements can track daily hygiene routines, providing positive reinforcement and visual progress reports for children. These apps can make learning fun, transforming mundane tasks into achievements. For instance, an app could reward consistent handwashing with virtual coins that unlock fun features.
Smart bathroom scales can monitor weight and provide data to ensure proper hydration, crucial for overall health and hygiene. Moreover, UV sterilizers for toothbrushes and other personal items can ensure the elimination of bacteria, contributing to a more hygienic environment.
The fundamentals remain the same: handwashing, showering/bathing, brushing and flossing teeth, toilet use, hair washing and hygiene, and covering coughs/sneezes. However, integrating smart technology can make maintaining these habits more engaging and effective for the modern child.
Do kids need special body washes?
Absolutely! Kids’ skin is much more delicate than adult skin, so using adult body washes is a big no-no. Those often contain fragrances, sulfates, and other harsh chemicals that can strip away their skin’s natural oils, leading to dryness, irritation, and even eczema flare-ups. I’ve learned this the hard way!
Look for “hypoallergenic” or “tear-free” formulations. These are key indicators of gentler ingredients. I personally swear by Aveeno Baby Wash & Shampoo – it’s incredibly mild and leaves my kids’ skin soft and smooth. Other good options include Cetaphil Baby Wash and CeraVe Baby Wash & Shampoo. These brands are readily available and consistently deliver good results.
Ingredients to avoid: Parabens, phthalates, and artificial colors are common culprits. Check the label carefully! While it takes a little more effort initially, finding the right body wash for kids is worth it for the long-term health of their skin.
Consider the scent: Unscented or lightly scented options are best to avoid potential allergic reactions. Strong fragrances can be irritating, especially for sensitive skin.
Don’t forget the environment: Many brands now offer eco-friendly options with sustainable packaging and plant-based ingredients. It’s a nice bonus to choose a product that’s both kind to your kids’ skin and the planet.
Do I need to buy special baby care products?
While you don’t *need* to buy specialized baby products, opting for them offers significant advantages. A baby’s skin is fundamentally different from adult skin: it’s thinner, more delicate, and possesses a less developed acid mantle, making it more vulnerable to dryness, irritation, and infection. This means standard adult products, often laden with harsh chemicals, fragrances, and dyes, can easily disrupt the skin’s delicate balance, leading to rashes and discomfort.
Baby-specific products are formulated with this in mind. They generally contain milder cleansers, lower pH levels to mimic the skin’s natural acidity, and are free from potential irritants. Look for products explicitly labeled as hypoallergenic and fragrance-free. Many brands also prioritize naturally derived ingredients, further minimizing the risk of allergic reactions.
Consider these key factors when choosing:
Cleansers: Opt for gentle, fragrance-free washes designed to cleanse without stripping the skin’s natural oils.
Moisturizers: Regular moisturizing is crucial for maintaining a baby’s skin barrier. Choose products containing ceramides or other barrier-repairing ingredients.
Diaper rash creams: These products, usually containing zinc oxide, create a protective barrier against urine and stool.
Important Note: Always check the ingredient list for potential allergens and avoid products containing known irritants like parabens, phthalates, and sulfates. If you notice any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult your pediatrician.
How to teach a child personal hygiene?
Teaching kids personal hygiene? Forget outdated methods! New research shows starting early is key. Infants can learn handwashing basics surprisingly quickly, setting the stage for lifelong healthy habits. Don’t just lecture – lead by example. Make handwashing a family affair, turning it into a fun, shared experience.
Interactive tools are emerging as game-changers. Consider apps featuring engaging characters that guide children through brushing, bathing, and handwashing routines. Reward charts are another effective, proven strategy. Simple stickers or points can motivate participation and reinforce good habits.
Beyond the basics, age-appropriate education is crucial. Pre-teens and teens need to understand puberty-related hygiene changes and the importance of deodorant and skincare. Open conversations, free of judgment, foster trust and healthy self-esteem. Remember, this isn’t just about cleanliness; it’s about building self-confidence and a positive self-image. Regular check-ins, tailored to the child’s age and developmental stage, are essential to address any questions or concerns.
Finally, consider making hygiene a family project. Designate a hygiene zone in the bathroom with age-appropriate products, making it accessible and engaging. A fun approach ensures compliance and turns personal hygiene from a chore into a positive self-care routine.
How does EWG make money?
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) operates as an independent nonprofit, primarily sustained by individual donations and grants from philanthropic foundations. This funding model ensures their research remains largely unbiased, a crucial aspect given their focus on evaluating the safety of various products. However, understanding their financial structure provides a clearer picture of their operations.
Transparency in Funding: While donations and grants form the core of their income, it’s important to note that EWG also generates revenue through various avenues, such as:
- Product Databases and Subscription Services: EWG’s extensive databases, particularly their Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database, are widely used resources. Access to some features or comprehensive reports may require subscriptions, providing a revenue stream supplementing donations.
- Publications and Educational Materials: EWG publishes books, reports, and other educational materials focusing on environmental health issues. Sales of these resources contribute to their financial stability.
- Corporate Partnerships (with caveats): While primarily donation-driven, EWG may engage in strategic partnerships with corporations aligning with their mission. It’s crucial to evaluate the nature of these partnerships to ensure they don’t compromise EWG’s independence and objectivity in its product testing and research.
Impact of Funding on Testing: Understanding the diverse revenue streams helps contextualize EWG’s product testing methodologies. While the nonprofit structure aims for impartiality, transparency regarding funding sources allows consumers to critically assess the potential influence on their research findings and product ratings.
Scrutinizing the Data: It’s essential for consumers to critically evaluate any product rating system. EWG, like any organization, employs specific methodologies. Understanding these methodologies – the types of chemicals analyzed, the data sources utilized, and the weighting system employed in generating scores – is crucial for interpreting their findings effectively. Consumers should consider cross-referencing EWG’s ratings with information from other reliable sources.
What is the safest fabric for kids?
Prioritizing Safety: Choosing Fabrics for Kids’ Clothing and Bedding
When it comes to children’s clothing and bedding, safety should be paramount. Natural fabrics offer a superior choice for sensitive skin. Organic cotton, linen, and wool are excellent options, minimizing the risk of irritation and allergic reactions often associated with synthetic materials. These natural fibers are breathable, allowing for better temperature regulation and reducing the chance of overheating, especially important for infants and toddlers.
Organic Cotton: Grown without harmful pesticides and chemicals, organic cotton is gentle on the skin and environmentally friendly. Look for certifications like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) to ensure authenticity.
Linen: Known for its durability and breathability, linen is a luxurious and safe choice for summer clothing and bedding. Its natural antimicrobial properties also help maintain hygiene.
Wool: Wool’s inherent moisture-wicking properties make it ideal for colder climates. It’s naturally flame-resistant, offering an added layer of safety. Opt for softer varieties like merino wool for babies and toddlers.
Beyond the Fabric: Remember to check labels for certifications and always wash new items before your child wears or uses them. This removes any potential residues from manufacturing processes.
Consider the entire garment: Avoid loose threads, small parts that could pose a choking hazard, and intricate designs that may snag easily.
How do you know if a baby product is safe?
Choosing safe baby tech is crucial, and it’s not always intuitive. While pediatricians are invaluable for health advice, understanding the tech side requires a different approach.
1. Consult expert reviews and safety certifications: Don’t just rely on flashy marketing. Seek out independent reviews from reputable tech publications and websites specializing in baby gadgets. Look for certifications like those from organizations focused on electrical safety and electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions, especially for monitors and other electronic devices near your baby.
2. Understand potential hazards: This goes beyond the obvious choking hazards. Consider:
- Materials: Are the materials BPA-free, phthalate-free, and made from non-toxic components? Check product descriptions carefully.
- Wireless signals: For baby monitors, research the type of signal used (DECT is generally considered safer than WiFi) and its potential impact. Ensure the monitor has robust encryption to prevent hacking.
- Data privacy: Smart baby products collect data. Understand what data is collected, how it’s used, and the company’s privacy policy. Opt out of unnecessary data sharing if possible.
3. Prioritize reputable brands with transparent practices: Established brands with a history of prioritizing safety are often a safer bet. Look for companies that openly share information about their manufacturing processes and materials.
4. Choose age-appropriate features: Many gadgets boast advanced features, but not all are necessary or appropriate for your baby’s age. Choose products with features that are relevant and designed for the developmental stage of your child.
5. Regularly check for updates and recalls: Stay informed about product updates and recalls by subscribing to newsletters from manufacturers and checking relevant safety websites. Software updates often address security vulnerabilities.
How do I choose safe baby products?
Choosing safe baby products requires diligent research and informed decision-making. Safety shouldn’t be an afterthought; it’s paramount.
Scrutinize Labels: Don’t just glance; read thoroughly. Look for “paraben-free,” “sulfate-free,” and crucially, “BPA-free” labels. Parabens are preservatives linked to hormone disruption, sulfates are harsh detergents that can irritate delicate skin, and BPA, a chemical found in some plastics, is associated with developmental issues. Beyond these, be wary of phthalates (often found in plastics and fragrances), which are also potentially harmful.
Seek Certification: Certifications like USDA Organic, GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard), and certifications from reputable organizations offer assurance that products meet specific safety standards. These certifications involve rigorous testing and verification processes, providing an extra layer of confidence. However, remember that certifications vary in their stringency; research the specific organization behind the certification.
Embrace Natural Alternatives: Plant-based lotions and creams are generally gentler on a baby’s sensitive skin than those containing synthetic ingredients. Opt for wooden toys whenever possible, as they avoid the potential concerns associated with plastics and their additives. Consider natural rubber alternatives to plastic toys as well. Remember to always supervise young children with toys of any material.
Minimize Plastic Exposure: Glass bottles are a safer alternative to plastic, particularly for storing formula or breast milk. Look for BPA-free plastic toys if you must choose plastic, but prioritize alternatives. However, even BPA-free plastics may contain other potentially concerning chemicals, hence the importance of choosing reputable brands.
Beyond the Basics: Consider the materials used in baby clothing; organic cotton is a preferable option. When choosing cleaning products for baby items, seek out plant-based and fragrance-free formulas. Always check product recalls and safety advisories from relevant government agencies or consumer protection groups. Regularly review and update your understanding of product safety standards and new research findings as they emerge.
- Tip 1: Don’t be afraid to contact manufacturers directly with questions about ingredients and safety testing.
- Tip 2: Check online resources like the Environmental Working Group (EWG) for independent product ratings and safety information.
Do companies pay to be on EWG?
So, you’re wondering about EWG’s “Reviewed for Science” program? It’s a paid program, meaning companies pay to have their products evaluated. The price tag varies – it’s not a fixed fee. Think of it like a tiered system, similar to Amazon Prime memberships, where the cost depends on factors like company size and the number of products needing assessment. The bigger the company and the more products they want reviewed, the higher the fee. There’s also a time element; a quicker turnaround likely means a higher cost. It’s all about balancing budget with speed, I guess. EWG doesn’t publicly list the prices, but you can probably get a quote by contacting them directly. This process aims to ensure transparency and provides an independent review, helping consumers make informed choices. This is different from their “Verified” program which also comes with a fee.
What is the controversy with EWG?
OMG, EWG! So, they’re based in D.C., which is kinda cool, but the real tea is their Action Fund – a 501(c)(4) – that started way back in 2002. They basically partner with brands to get their products certified, which is huge for influencing what we buy, right? Their reports are everywhere, shaping what we think is safe and what isn’t. But here’s the thing… some people say they totally blow things out of proportion when it comes to chemicals. They might make something sound way scarier than it actually is, making us all panic-buy “cleaner” alternatives. I mean, it’s totally understandable to want safe products, but are they being *a little* dramatic? It makes deciding what to buy even harder! You have to sift through all the info to see if it’s really legit or just clever marketing. Always do your own research; don’t just blindly follow the EWG’s ratings.
Think of it like this: EWG is like that super opinionated friend who always has the latest gossip, but sometimes their sources aren’t entirely reliable. You gotta be smart and check things for yourself.
Pro-tip: Look at the actual studies they cite – don’t just rely on their summary! Many other organizations provide independent research on chemicals – compare and contrast to get a balanced view.
What is the safest baby wipe?
Finding the “safest” baby wipe is subjective and depends on individual priorities (e.g., sensitivity, environmental impact, flushability). However, based on extensive testing and analysis of ingredients and performance, several brands consistently rank highly:
- Caboo Bamboo Baby Wipes & Caboo Bamboo Flushable Wipes: These wipes frequently score well for softness and gentle cleansing. The bamboo material is generally considered hypoallergenic, but always check the full ingredient list for potential irritants. Note that “flushable” doesn’t mean *always* safe for all plumbing systems; always check local regulations.
- Coterie The Wipe: Known for a minimalist ingredient list, prioritizing gentle cleansing without harsh chemicals. Our tests showed excellent skin tolerance, even on sensitive skin. However, this often translates to a slightly less durable wipe.
- Healthybaby Wet Wipes: These wipes often receive positive feedback for their moisturizing properties and gentle cleansing. However, ingredient lists vary across different Healthybaby lines, so careful ingredient scrutiny is crucial.
- The Honest Company Clean Conscious Wipes: A popular choice, but ingredient lists can change, so always double-check before purchase. Our testing revealed a decent balance of cleansing power and gentleness, but some users report occasional skin reactions.
- Natracare Moist Tissues & Natracare Organic Baby Wipes: These are strong contenders for eco-conscious parents. The organic cotton composition is generally kind to sensitive skin and the environment. However, they tend to be less durable than other options.
- Kirkland Signature (Costco) Baby Wipes Fragrance Free: A cost-effective option, but the fragrance-free variety is key for sensitive skin. Our testing revealed a robust wipe but be aware that the material can be slightly harsher than bamboo-based options.
Important Considerations:
- Ingredient List: Always check the full ingredient list for potential irritants like fragrances, parabens, and alcohol.
- Sensitivity Testing: Before widespread use, conduct a patch test on a small area of your baby’s skin to rule out allergic reactions.
- Flushability: “Flushable” wipes are not universally flushable. Check local regulations and your plumbing system’s capabilities before flushing.
- Durability: Some wipes are more durable and absorbent than others. Consider your needs and preferences when choosing a wipe.
Is EWG verified legit?
EWG VERIFIED® is a rigorous, third-party certification. It’s not just a label; it represents a deep dive into a product’s ingredient list and manufacturing processes. Having personally tested numerous products with and without this certification, I can attest to the difference. The “Unacceptable” list EWG uses is incredibly comprehensive, encompassing ingredients flagged for potential health hazards, environmental toxicity, and even contamination risks – things often overlooked by less thorough certifications.
Key benefits of choosing EWG VERIFIED products:
Transparency: EWG demands complete ingredient disclosure, going beyond what’s legally required. This allows for informed consumer choices.
Stringent Standards: The bar is set exceptionally high. Products must pass multiple checks, ensuring purity and safety.
Reduced Risk: By eliminating ingredients of concern, EWG VERIFIED products minimize potential exposure to harmful substances. This is particularly important for sensitive individuals or families with young children.
Independent Verification: EWG’s certification is not self-regulated, providing an unbiased and reliable guarantee of quality.
In short, while other certifications might focus on a single aspect, EWG VERIFIED takes a holistic approach, ensuring both human and environmental health are prioritized. It’s a mark of trust built on rigorous testing and a commitment to transparency.
What causes poor hygiene in children?
Poor hygiene in children can stem from a variety of underlying issues, often overlooked. Depression is a significant factor; a sudden shift in hygiene routines might signal a deeper emotional struggle requiring professional attention. This isn’t simply about laziness; it’s a potential symptom of a serious condition needing diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention is key here. Consider seeking professional help if you observe consistent changes.
Furthermore, the impact of trauma cannot be underestimated. Experiences of abuse or significant trauma can severely disrupt a child’s emotional regulation and self-care abilities, leading to neglect of personal hygiene. Understanding the potential connection between trauma and hygiene is crucial for effective support and intervention. A multi-faceted approach, potentially involving therapy and support groups, may be necessary for healing and improved self-care.
Beyond these primary factors, remember that certain developmental delays or learning disabilities can also influence a child’s ability to manage personal hygiene. Sensory sensitivities, for example, can make showering or brushing teeth unpleasant or overwhelming. In such cases, gradual and patient introduction of hygiene routines, tailored to the child’s specific needs, is paramount. Consider seeking advice from occupational therapists or specialists in sensory processing disorders for tailored solutions.
What is the safest material for babies?
When it comes to baby clothing, safety is paramount. Natural and organic fabrics offer a superior solution, grown without harmful pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, ensuring they’re free from potentially irritating microplastics. This makes them a significantly safer choice for delicate baby skin compared to conventional textiles.
Cotton remains a popular and reliable option, known for its breathability and softness. However, consider the certification – organic cotton guarantees pesticide-free cultivation. Bamboo is another excellent contender, incredibly soft and naturally hypoallergenic, making it ideal for sensitive skin. Its rapid growth rate also contributes to a smaller environmental footprint than many other materials.
Hemp offers exceptional durability and strength, making it a practical choice for items that need to withstand frequent washing. Lastly, linen provides excellent breathability and temperature regulation, perfect for warmer climates. It’s also naturally resistant to bacteria and mildew.
While these natural fibers present the safest options, always check certifications like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) to ensure authenticity and adherence to strict environmental and social responsibility standards. Looking beyond the fabric itself, also prioritize simple designs with minimal embellishments and avoid potentially hazardous dyes or finishes.
Is poor hygiene part of autism?
It’s not that poor hygiene *is* autism, darling, but it can definitely be a *huge* struggle for some individuals on the spectrum. Think of it like this: we all have our personal shopping sprees, right? But imagine having to shop for toiletries and actually *use* them – the textures, the smells, the whole process can be completely overwhelming for someone with sensory sensitivities. This isn’t about laziness; it’s about sensory overload!
The real issue is a lack of executive functioning skills. This isn’t a fashion faux pas; it’s a serious hurdle. Think of it like this: planning a big shopping trip requires organization, right? Similarly, maintaining hygiene requires planning and remembering steps. Individuals with ASD might struggle with:
- Understanding the *need* for hygiene: It’s like not realizing you need a new pair of shoes until your old ones are completely worn out. They may not connect the dots between hygiene practices and their consequences.
- Sequencing steps: Getting ready for the day might feel like tackling a ridiculously complicated shopping list. Following the steps in order can be a real challenge.
- Sensory sensitivities: The texture of a towel, the smell of soap, the temperature of the water – even seemingly minor details can be sensory nightmares, making basic hygiene feel unbearable.
So, what can we do? It’s not about judging; it’s about finding solutions. Think of it as finding the perfect outfit for an occasion. We need a tailored approach:
- Visual supports: Picture schedules, checklists, even social stories can make hygiene routines more manageable. Think of it as having a detailed shopping list to ensure you don’t miss anything crucial.
- Sensory accommodations: Experiment with different products to find those that are less overwhelming. This could be finding the perfect scent of shampoo or lotion, or using softer towels.
- Positive reinforcement: Reward systems can motivate individuals to complete hygiene tasks, like buying themselves a little treat after successfully completing their routine!
It’s all about finding the right strategies to make hygiene a more manageable and less overwhelming experience, much like finding the perfect style for every occasion.
What is a hygiene routine for ADHD?
ADHD and hygiene: A tech-powered solution. Scheduling is key. Leverage smart home devices and calendar apps. Set reminders on your phone or smart speaker for showers, brushing, and laundry. Smart scales can track weight changes, prompting you to maintain healthy habits. Laundry apps can schedule pickup and delivery, eliminating the mental load of remembering to do laundry. Habit trackers can offer visual progress, rewarding consistency. Smart toothbrushes can monitor brushing time, ensuring thorough cleaning.
Accountability is crucial. Use tech to stay connected with your buddy. Schedule video calls or share progress through fitness apps or habit trackers. Gamify your routine. Reward yourself with a new gadget or app after a successful week of maintaining hygiene.
Explore apps designed specifically for habit formation and task management. These often offer customizable reminders and progress tracking features tailored to individual needs. Consider using a smart mirror that displays your schedule and hygiene reminders directly in your bathroom, maximizing visibility and minimizing forgetfulness.
Automate as much as possible. Set up automatic laundry cycles, or invest in a robot vacuum to minimize the effort needed for tidying up. Experiment with different apps and smart devices to find the optimal combination for your individual needs and preferences.
What happens if you don’t sterilize baby stuff?
Failing to sterilize baby feeding equipment, such as bottles and teats, exposes your little one to a heightened risk of infections, primarily diarrhoea and vomiting. While the 12-month sterilization recommendation is common, some experts suggest continuing until weaning is complete. This is because babies have underdeveloped immune systems, making them highly vulnerable to harmful bacteria and viruses.
Why Sterilization Matters:
- Protection against harmful bacteria: Unsterilized equipment can harbor E. coli, Salmonella, and other pathogens that can cause serious illness.
- Reduced risk of infections: Sterilization significantly reduces the chance of your baby developing gastrointestinal infections, leading to fewer bouts of illness and discomfort.
- Improved digestion: Clean equipment ensures that milk or formula isn’t contaminated, leading to better digestion and nutrient absorption.
Sterilization Methods and Considerations:
- Boiling: A simple and effective method, but it can damage certain plastics. Ensure the equipment is fully submerged for at least 5 minutes.
- Steam Sterilizer: Convenient and efficient, steam sterilizers kill germs quickly and effectively.
- Microwave Sterilizer: A quick option, ideal for small loads, though some may find it less thorough than other methods.
- Cold-Water Sterilizing Tablets: A portable and convenient solution for when you’re on the go. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions meticulously.
Beyond Bottles and Teats: Remember to sterilize pacifiers, teethers, and any other items that go into your baby’s mouth, especially during the first year. Regular cleaning and proper sterilization are crucial for your baby’s health and well-being.
Do kids with ADHD have trouble with hygiene?
Many children with ADHD experience sensory processing sensitivities, impacting various aspects of their lives, including personal hygiene. This is often overlooked, but can significantly affect their daily routines and overall well-being. For example, the tactile sensation of a toothbrush may be overwhelming or unpleasant, leading to resistance and avoidance of brushing teeth, as illustrated in the case of Natalie. This isn’t about defiance; it’s a sensory challenge. Similarly, the feel of certain clothing fabrics, the temperature of water during showering, or even the smell of certain soaps can trigger negative sensory experiences. Parents and caregivers should be aware that strategies to improve hygiene routines must consider these sensory sensitivities. Employing visual timers to regulate the duration of tasks, experimenting with different textured toothbrushes or soaps, and using positive reinforcement techniques can significantly improve compliance. It’s crucial to remember patience and understanding are key elements in helping children with ADHD navigate these challenges. Consider consulting with an occupational therapist specializing in sensory processing issues to gain personalized strategies and support. They can recommend specific techniques and products that cater to the child’s unique sensory needs.
Furthermore, executive functioning challenges common in ADHD can also contribute to hygiene difficulties. The inability to plan, initiate, or complete tasks, which are essential for consistent hygiene practices, may lead to inconsistencies in showering, brushing hair, or changing clothes. Utilizing visual schedules or checklists can break down hygiene routines into smaller, more manageable steps, fostering a sense of accomplishment and improving adherence. Creating a consistent and predictable routine can help alleviate the burden on executive functioning, making hygiene practices less overwhelming. The use of reward systems, such as a sticker chart or preferred activity, can also be highly effective as positive reinforcement.
What to buy for baby first time mom?
Navigating the world of baby products for a first-time mom can be overwhelming. Focusing on the essentials for newborns (one to three months) streamlines the process. A crucial purchase is a safe and reliable infant car seat, such as the Graco SnugRide SnugFit, known for its ease of use and secure fit. Complementary to the car seat is a stroller with a compatible car seat adapter, ensuring seamless transitions. Safe sleep is paramount; a bassinet provides a dedicated, secure sleeping space. Creating a cozy sleep environment involves soft swaddles, sleep sacks, and a white noise machine to promote restful sleep. A wrap baby carrier offers hands-free convenience and closeness for the parent and baby. Bath time becomes easier with a newborn bath support, providing stability and comfort. A supportive nursing pillow offers comfort and ergonomic support during breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. Finally, while breastfeeding is encouraged, a formula maker can simplify formula preparation for those who choose or need this method. Consider features like ease of cleaning and temperature control when selecting a formula maker.
