How to target marketing towards children?

Reaching kids requires a multi-pronged approach, leveraging both offline and online strategies. Offline tactics often involve high-impact, experiential marketing.

  • In-store activations: Think beyond simple displays. We’ve seen success with interactive kiosks, character appearances (licensing is key!), and even mini-events creating a memorable experience. A/B testing different activation types is crucial; for instance, a simple giveaway might underperform compared to a hands-on activity.
  • Sampling and promotions: Free samples and coupons are effective, but the packaging and distribution method are critical. Consider placement in high-traffic areas like schools (with proper authorization) and partnering with relevant influencers or organizations. Our testing revealed a significant lift in trial rates when samples were linked to a fun, engaging activity.
  • Contests and giveaways: These generate excitement, but the prize must be highly relevant to the target demographic. We’ve found that age-appropriate prizes, coupled with social media sharing components, dramatically increase reach and engagement. Data analytics post-campaign is essential to optimize future efforts.

Online strategies demand a sophisticated understanding of child online behavior and stringent adherence to privacy regulations (COPPA, GDPR-K etc.).

  • Targeted advertising: While broad targeting might seem cost-effective, it’s less efficient. Highly-segmented, behavioral targeting based on past online activity (with strict adherence to privacy regulations) delivers superior results. We’ve seen a significant ROI increase with this approach, though it requires a strong data analytics capability and sophisticated targeting platform.
  • Personalized content: Generic content won’t cut it. Kids respond to personalized messaging and experiences tailored to their interests. A/B testing different creative elements and messaging is essential to optimize engagement and conversion.
  • Influencer marketing: Collaborating with kid-friendly influencers on YouTube, TikTok, or Instagram can significantly expand reach and credibility. Choosing the right influencers based on audience alignment and engagement metrics is paramount. Rigorous tracking and measurement throughout the campaign is key to demonstrating ROI.

Note: Ethical considerations are paramount. Transparency and responsible marketing practices are crucial when targeting children. Always prioritize child safety and well-being.

What are the rules of child-directed marketing?

Marketing to children is a tightly regulated field, particularly concerning the use of premium-rate numbers. The “900 number rule,” for instance, prohibits advertising non-educational paid services to children under 12. This means no enticing kids into costly games or services without parental involvement. For children under 18, clear and prominent disclosure of the need for parental consent is mandatory in all advertising. This isn’t just a small print detail; regulations mandate a highly visible and easily understandable statement about parental permission requirements.

Furthermore, the definition of what constitutes a “call” requiring parental consent is strictly defined, often encompassing seemingly innocuous interactions like text-based participation in contests or online games. Advertisers are held responsible for understanding and complying with these nuanced rules. Ignoring them can lead to significant fines and reputational damage. The regulations are designed to protect children from undue influence and potentially harmful spending habits, emphasizing responsible advertising practices within this vulnerable demographic. Compliance is essential for maintaining credibility and avoiding costly legal battles.

How is the protection of minors regulated in advertising?

Protecting minors in advertising is a key aspect of responsible marketing, and it extends beyond simply avoiding harmful content. While Russian Federal Law № 38-ФЗ doesn’t directly address all aspects of child protection in advertising, Article 6, paragraph 1, importantly states that advertising cannot undermine the authority of parents or educators in the eyes of children. This is crucial in the context of tech advertising, where gadgets are frequently marketed directly to children or presented in ways that subtly influence their desires.

Consider this: A seemingly innocent ad for a new smartwatch featuring a child effortlessly using it to access games or social media might unintentionally suggest that parental permission is less important than the gadget itself. This could subtly undermine parental control and authority. Responsible advertising should always emphasize the importance of parental guidance in the use of technology and highlight the need for balanced screen time.

Furthermore, the lack of explicit stipulations regarding the content of ads aimed at children necessitates a responsible approach from advertisers. Self-regulation within the tech industry is vital. Advertisers should take a proactive stance, carefully considering the potential influence their ads might have on young audiences and avoiding potentially manipulative techniques. This includes refraining from overly bright colors and fast-paced animations that can be particularly engaging for children, yet potentially overwhelming and distracting for their developing brains.

In essence: While specific regulations might be limited, the principle of maintaining parental authority remains paramount. This necessitates a mindful and ethically responsible approach to advertising tech products aimed at children, or those which strongly appeal to them.

What is children’s marketing?

Children’s marketing is a specialized field focusing on products and services aimed at children, but ultimately driving revenue through adult purchasing decisions. Unlike adult-focused marketing, successful strategies hinge on a nuanced understanding of the child-adult dynamic. This means understanding not only what appeals to a child, but also what motivates the parent or guardian to make the purchase.

Key tactics often involve leveraging emotional connections, bright colors, and engaging characters to capture children’s attention. However, ethical considerations are paramount, as regulations often restrict manipulative advertising techniques aimed at youngsters. For example, many countries have specific guidelines on advertising unhealthy foods to children.

The evolving digital landscape plays a significant role. Online platforms, mobile apps, and social media are increasingly important channels, offering targeted advertising options and the ability to track children’s preferences in real-time. This data, however, needs to be handled responsibly and within privacy regulations.

Successful children’s marketing campaigns often involve influencer collaborations, interactive experiences, and gamification. These strategies make the brand more memorable and engaging for both children and adults, strengthening brand loyalty and driving sales. Ultimately, understanding the interplay between children’s desires and parental purchasing power is crucial for success in this unique market sector.

How do you develop a marketing strategy?

Crafting a killer marketing strategy is like finding the perfect online deal – it takes research and planning! Here’s how I, an avid online shopper, would approach it:

  • Market Research: Before even thinking about what to buy (or sell!), I’d deep-dive into market research. This isn’t just browsing Amazon; it’s about understanding competitor pricing, analyzing sales trends (using tools like Google Trends!), and identifying gaps in the market. Think of it as finding a niche product before it blows up. Knowing what others are doing and what’s missing is crucial.
  • Target Audience: Who am I selling to? Are they budget-conscious bargain hunters like me, or luxury-loving spenders? Creating detailed buyer personas (think realistic profiles of your ideal customers) is essential for tailored marketing. Knowing their online habits (e.g., which social media platforms they use, their preferred payment methods) is key.
  • Product Positioning & Messaging: This is about showcasing your unique selling proposition (USP). What makes YOUR product stand out from the millions of others? Is it eco-friendly? Super affordable? Does it solve a specific problem? Your message needs to be clear, concise, and resonate with your target audience. Think impactful product descriptions and compelling visuals.
  • SMART Goals: Forget vague aspirations! I want measurable results. Set SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound). For example, instead of “increase brand awareness,” aim for “increase website traffic by 20% in the next quarter.” Track your progress regularly using analytics dashboards.
  • Teamwork Makes the Dream Work: Marketing isn’t a solo mission. Ensure your team (designers, content creators, social media managers) is aligned. Clear communication and efficient workflow are non-negotiable, especially if you’re managing multiple online campaigns simultaneously.
  • Pricing Strategy: Pricing isn’t just about covering costs; it’s about perception and value. Analyze competitor pricing, factor in your costs, and consider different pricing strategies (e.g., premium pricing, competitive pricing, value pricing). Are you aiming for high margins or higher sales volume? Remember, price is a signal of value.

Bonus Tip from an Online Shopping Pro: A/B testing is your best friend! Experiment with different ad creatives, headlines, and calls to action to see what resonates best with your audience. It’s like trying different products before committing to a full purchase – only it’s your marketing strategy.

What are the 4 Ps of marketing for children?

Marketing to children requires a nuanced understanding of their unique needs and influences. The 4Ps – Product, Price, Place, and Promotion – take on special significance. Product design must prioritize safety, age-appropriateness, and engaging features. Bright colors, appealing characters, and interactive elements are crucial. Pricing needs to consider parents’ budgets and perceived value, often involving tiered pricing or value packs. Placement involves strategic retail locations frequented by families, as well as online platforms with robust parental controls. Promotion relies heavily on vibrant visuals, catchy jingles, and engaging storytelling, often leveraging popular children’s characters or influencers. Successful marketing campaigns will incorporate parental influence and educational value, recognizing that children’s purchasing decisions are often mediated by caregivers. The key is to create a compelling and trustworthy brand that resonates with both children and parents.

For instance, consider a children’s toy. The product might be a durable, brightly colored building block set with varied shapes and textures. The price could be competitive within the market, potentially offering discounts for bulk purchases or bundled with accessories. Place would include major toy retailers, online marketplaces with child-safe features, and potentially partnerships with family-oriented entertainment venues. The promotion could feature engaging commercials showcasing the toy’s versatility and educational benefits, possibly with influencer endorsements or interactive online games.

Ultimately, effective marketing to children requires a deep understanding of child psychology and family dynamics, balancing the child’s immediate desires with the parent’s concerns for safety, value, and educational content.

Is it possible to target children?

Targeting kids under 12 online? Nope, that’s a big fat no-no! Seriously, it’s against the rules and ethically questionable. But, honey, don’t despair! There are ways to get your amazing products in front of their parents (who, let’s be honest, are the ones with the credit cards!).

Think reach campaigns. Blast your message out there and hope it lands! It’s like throwing glitter – some will stick, some won’t. But hey, the more glitter, the better your chances, right?

Or, get savvy and advertise *around* them. Find popular family-friendly websites, apps, or YouTube channels. Think kid-approved content. Those parents are scrolling too, and they’re more likely to buy if they see your ad organically. It’s about subtle influence, darling!

  • Example: Partner with a family vlogger who reviews toys. That’s *way* more effective than a direct ad.

And don’t underestimate the power of out-of-home (OOH) advertising! Think billboards near playgrounds or bright, fun ads on buses. It’s a classic, and kids *and* their parents will see it.

  • Pro-tip: Use bright colours, fun fonts, and imagery that kids will love. Parents appreciate clear messaging!
  • Important Note: Always comply with advertising standards. Research age restrictions and guidelines for child-directed advertising in your region to avoid hefty fines and reputation damage.

What are the 4 Ps of marketing activity?

The marketing mix, famously known as the 4 Ps – Product, Price, Place, and Promotion – remains a cornerstone of any successful product launch. This framework, initially conceptualized by Neil Borden in the 1950s as the “marketing mix,” dictates how businesses reach their target audience and effectively introduce new offerings.

Product goes beyond the physical item; it encompasses the entire customer experience, including features, branding, packaging, and even post-purchase support. Understanding your target market’s needs is crucial for product development.

Price isn’t just about the cost; it involves pricing strategies like value-based pricing, competitive pricing, and cost-plus pricing. Factors like production costs, perceived value, and market competition all play a significant role.

Place, or distribution, refers to how your product reaches the consumer. This involves choosing appropriate sales channels, such as online retailers, physical stores, direct sales, or a combination thereof. Strategic placement maximizes product visibility and accessibility.

Promotion encompasses all communication strategies to create awareness and drive sales. This includes advertising, public relations, sales promotions, content marketing, and social media engagement. A well-rounded promotional strategy is essential for building brand loyalty and generating demand.

While the 4 Ps provide a solid foundation, modern marketers often expand the framework to incorporate additional elements, sometimes referred to as the 7 Ps or even more, to account for aspects like People (customer service and employees), Process (delivery and customer experience), and Physical Evidence (the physical environment where the product is experienced).

  • Example: A new sustainable clothing brand might focus on a high-quality, ethically sourced product (P1), a premium price reflecting the material and production costs (P2), a direct-to-consumer online place with pop-up shops for select events (P3), and a strong social media promotion emphasizing sustainability and ethical practices (P4).

What principles should marketers follow when promoting products to children?

As an online shopper, I’m always wary of marketing aimed at kids. It’s crucial that ads are honest and age-appropriate, which is why regulations like COPPA and CARU are so important. COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act) in the US focuses on protecting children’s online privacy, while CARU (Children’s Advertising Review Unit) provides self-regulatory guidelines for children’s advertising. These rules ensure ads aren’t misleading or manipulative.

Knowing these rules helps marketers create ethical campaigns. For example, CARU guidelines often address issues like the use of celebrities, the portrayal of unrealistic lifestyles, and the encouragement of unhealthy behaviors. Understanding these guidelines can help me, as a consumer, feel confident that the products advertised online are safe and suitable for my kids. It’s a win-win – ethical advertising builds trust and fosters a positive brand image.

Beyond COPPA and CARU, I look for companies that prioritize transparency and clearly state ingredients, nutritional information (if applicable), and age recommendations. I also check for independent certifications that show the product has been rigorously tested for safety. Reading reviews from other parents also helps me make informed choices about products for my children. It’s all about being a smart and responsible online shopper.

What are the 4 Ps of marketing?

Forget rigid marketing rules. The marketing mix is fluid, allowing you to emphasize different areas based on market conditions and audience response. While the classic “4 Ps” – Product, Price, Place, and Promotion – remain foundational, successful marketing hinges on adapting them to specific campaigns.

Product: Years of A/B testing have taught me that a great product isn’t just about features; it’s about solving a problem and creating a desirable experience. Consider:

  • Problem-solution fit: Does your product genuinely address a customer pain point?
  • Unique selling proposition (USP): What makes your product stand out from the competition?
  • User experience (UX): How intuitive and enjoyable is the product to use?

Price: Pricing isn’t just about profit; it’s about perceived value. Extensive testing reveals that:

  • Value-based pricing: Align your price with the perceived benefits and solve customer problem.
  • Price sensitivity analysis: Understand how price changes affect demand.
  • Psychological pricing: Leverage techniques like “charm pricing” ($9.99 instead of $10) to influence perception.

Place: Distribution channels are crucial. Where your product is available directly impacts accessibility and brand perception. Consider:

  • Omnichannel strategy: Offer seamless experiences across online and offline channels.
  • Strategic partnerships: Collaborate with complementary businesses to reach new customers.
  • Inventory management: Ensure optimal stock levels to meet demand and minimize lost sales.

Promotion: Effective communication is key. Data-driven marketing is essential. Don’t rely on gut feeling – test different approaches:

  • A/B testing ad creatives: Optimize your messaging and visuals for maximum impact.
  • Targeted advertising: Reach the right audience with personalized messages.
  • Content marketing: Provide valuable information and build brand authority.

What skills should a junior marketer possess?

A Junior Marketing Specialist needs a diverse skillset encompassing both theoretical knowledge and practical application. They should possess a strong understanding of fundamental marketing principles, including the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion).

Essential Skills:

  • Information Gathering & Analysis: Proficiency in online research, data analysis, and report writing is crucial. This includes using various tools to extract and structure data efficiently, going beyond simple Google searches to leverage platforms like SEMrush or similar for competitive analysis and keyword research.
  • Idea Generation & Creativity: Juniors should be able to brainstorm innovative marketing campaigns and strategies. This requires creative thinking and the ability to adapt to different brand voices and target audiences. Experience with mind-mapping or similar techniques is beneficial.
  • Basic Design & Video Editing: While not expected to be expert designers, familiarity with tools like Canva, Adobe Photoshop (basic level), and video editing software like iMovie or DaVinci Resolve (basic level) is important for creating engaging content.
  • Benchmarking & Competitive Analysis: The ability to conduct thorough competitor analyses is essential for identifying opportunities and improving strategies. This goes beyond simply looking at competitor websites; it involves understanding their marketing strategies, target audience, and overall market positioning.
  • Initiative & Proactiveness: Junior marketers should be self-starters, capable of identifying tasks and taking ownership of their work. This includes proactively seeking out new information and suggesting improvements to existing strategies.

Further Development: While not strictly required at the junior level, familiarity with marketing automation tools (like Mailchimp or HubSpot), SEO principles, and social media marketing strategies will significantly enhance their value and accelerate career growth.

Key Differentiators: Demonstrating strong analytical skills, a passion for marketing trends, and a proactive learning attitude are key differentiators that set successful junior marketers apart. A portfolio showcasing completed projects, even small-scale ones, is invaluable.

What are four marketing strategies?

The 4 Ps of marketing – Product, Price, Place, and Promotion – aren’t just buzzwords; they’re the bedrock of any successful marketing strategy. Understanding how these elements interact is crucial. Product goes beyond just the item itself; it encompasses branding, packaging, features, and the overall customer experience. A poorly designed product, no matter how well-priced or promoted, will fail.

Price isn’t simply about the monetary cost. It considers perceived value, competitive pricing, discounts, and payment options. Underpricing can signal low quality, while overpricing can alienate customers. Finding the sweet spot is key.

Place refers to distribution channels – where and how your product reaches the customer. This includes online marketplaces, physical stores, direct-to-consumer models, and more. Strategic placement maximizes visibility and accessibility.

Finally, Promotion is about communicating the value proposition to the target audience. This involves advertising, public relations, social media marketing, content marketing, and more. Effective promotion drives awareness, generates leads, and ultimately, boosts sales. Mastering the interplay between these four Ps is the key to unlocking true marketing success.

What is the 3-3-3 rule in marketing?

The 3-3-3 rule in marketing is a powerful technique for crafting concise and impactful messaging. It emphasizes brevity, arguing that less is often more, especially in the crowded digital landscape.

The core principle: This rule advocates for creating marketing copy with three key elements:

  • Headline: Three strong words that immediately grab attention and clearly communicate the core benefit or value proposition. Think impactful keywords and emotional triggers. For instance, instead of “Get our amazing new software,” try “Boost Sales, Save Time, Grow Profits.”
  • Body Copy: Three persuasive sentences expanding on the headline. Each sentence should build upon the previous one, providing additional details and reasons to engage. Avoid jargon and focus on clear, simple language.
  • Call to Action (CTA): Three compelling action items to guide the audience towards desired behavior. This might include visiting a website, downloading a resource, or signing up for a newsletter. For example: “Visit our website, read our case studies, and request a demo today!”

Why it works: In today’s fast-paced world, consumers have short attention spans. The 3-3-3 rule ensures your message cuts through the noise. By focusing on brevity and clarity, you increase the likelihood of engagement and conversion.

Beyond the basics: While the 3-3-3 rule provides a solid framework, remember to adapt it to your specific audience and context. A/B testing different versions can help you refine your approach and maximize effectiveness.

Successful examples: Many effective marketing campaigns, both online and offline, subtly employ the principles of the 3-3-3 rule. Analyzing successful advertisements and social media posts can provide further insights into implementing this strategy.

What is the primary concern regarding child-directed marketing?

The main concern surrounding marketing aimed at children is their underdeveloped ability to critically assess and understand commercial messages. They lack the cognitive skills to differentiate between advertising and genuine content, making them highly susceptible to manipulative tactics. This vulnerability is amplified by the fact that children are often less likely to recognize persuasive techniques like celebrity endorsements or emotional appeals.

This susceptibility translates into potential negative consequences, such as unhealthy eating habits driven by sugary cereal ads, pressure to purchase expensive toys, and the formation of unrealistic expectations about products and lifestyles. Furthermore, early exposure to targeted advertising can cultivate consumerism from a young age, potentially impacting their financial literacy and decision-making skills later in life.

As an online shopper myself, I’m acutely aware of how pervasive and sophisticated children’s marketing has become. The sheer volume of ads encountered online, particularly on platforms with kid-friendly content, is staggering. The use of bright colors, catchy jingles, and interactive games within ads effectively bypasses a child’s critical thinking abilities.

It’s crucial to be mindful of this issue and take steps to help children develop media literacy skills. This includes open conversations about advertising, encouraging critical thinking around commercial messages, and monitoring their online activities to limit exposure to inappropriate or manipulative content.

How is marketing explained to children?

Marketing is basically getting you to buy stuff, not always the healthy stuff. Think of all those food mascots your kid knows – how many can you name? They’re cartoon characters used to grab your attention and make things look fun, right? But they don’t tell the whole story, like how nutritious something really is.

As an online shopper, I’ve learned a few things about how marketing works. It’s not just about cute characters; it’s a whole strategy. They use lots of tricks:

  • Targeted Ads: Ever notice how ads for things you’ve searched for online seem to follow you everywhere? That’s targeted advertising. They use your browsing history to show you products they think you’ll want.
  • Influencer Marketing: Celebrities and online personalities get paid to promote products. It makes you think that if *they* use it, it must be good.
  • Limited-Time Offers: “Sale ends tonight!” “Only 5 left in stock!” These create a sense of urgency to make you buy quickly without thinking too much.

Here’s how I navigate it:

  • Check reviews: Don’t just rely on the product description. See what real customers say.
  • Compare prices: Don’t settle for the first price you see. Shop around!
  • Read the ingredients/nutrition facts: Don’t be fooled by cute packaging or catchy slogans. Pay attention to what’s actually in the product.
  • Unsubscribe from targeted ads: You can control some of what you see online. This reduces the influence of those ads.

Why is advertising targeted at children?

Advertising’s focus on teenagers stems from their developmental stage: a quest for independence and self-identity. Marketers exploit this, crafting campaigns that resonate with adolescents’ values and aspirations. This isn’t just about selling products; it’s about tapping into a powerful desire for individuality.

The Power of Peer Influence: Advertisers understand the significant role peer influence plays in teenage decision-making. Campaigns often feature relatable characters and scenarios, aiming to position products as essential for social acceptance and belonging. This is particularly effective in social media marketing, where aspirational lifestyles and trends are constantly showcased.

Marketing Tactics: Several strategies are commonly employed:

  • Celebrity Endorsements: Using popular figures to promote products creates instant credibility and desirability among teens.
  • Emotional Appeals: Advertisements often tap into emotions like belonging, acceptance, and fear of missing out (FOMO) to create a strong connection with the target audience.
  • User-Generated Content: Encouraging teenagers to create and share their own content related to a product amplifies brand awareness and authenticity.

Product Categories: The impact is evident across diverse sectors:

  • Apparel and Accessories: Brands emphasize style, self-expression, and trendsetting to appeal to teens’ desire to stand out.
  • Technology: Smartphones, gaming consoles, and social media platforms are marketed as essential tools for connection and self-discovery.
  • Experiences: Travel, entertainment, and events are pitched as opportunities for creating lasting memories and personal growth.

Ethical Considerations: The effectiveness of these marketing techniques raises ethical concerns about the potential for manipulation and the impact on young consumers’ self-esteem and purchasing habits. Transparency and responsible advertising practices are crucial to mitigate these risks.

What are the four fundamental pillars of marketing practice?

The marketing mix, often referred to as the “four Ps,” forms the bedrock of any successful marketing strategy. These are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Mastering these elements is crucial for differentiating your brand and achieving a competitive edge.

Product encompasses more than just the physical item; it includes features, benefits, branding, packaging, and overall customer experience. Consider aspects like quality, design, and functionality to create a product that truly resonates with your target audience.

Price involves determining a value proposition that balances profitability with customer perception. Strategies like premium pricing, competitive pricing, and value pricing need careful consideration, factoring in production costs, competitor pricing, and perceived value.

Place refers to distribution channels – how your product reaches the customer. This involves selecting appropriate retail outlets, online marketplaces, or direct-to-consumer strategies, optimizing for convenience and accessibility.

Promotion encompasses all communication efforts to increase brand awareness and drive sales. This includes advertising, public relations, social media marketing, content marketing, and sales promotions. A cohesive promotional strategy ensures your message reaches the right audience through the most effective channels.

Understanding the interplay between these four Ps is paramount. For example, a premium product might necessitate a higher price point and exclusive distribution channels, supported by sophisticated promotional campaigns highlighting its unique features. Conversely, a value-oriented product may prioritize accessibility through widespread distribution and promotional offers emphasizing affordability.

Effective marketing demands a holistic approach. Analyzing market trends, competitor activities, and customer feedback is crucial to optimizing the four Ps and achieving sustainable growth. This iterative process ensures a dynamic and responsive marketing strategy that adapts to changing market conditions.

What are the 7 principles of marketing?

The classic marketing mix, the “4 Ps” – Product, Price, Place, and Promotion – gets a significant upgrade with the expanded “7 Ps” model. This updated framework incorporates crucial elements often overlooked in simpler models, providing a more comprehensive approach to marketing strategy.

Beyond the original four, the “7 Ps” include People, Process, and Physical Evidence (often referred to as Packaging). “People” focuses on the human element: customer service, employee training, and brand ambassadors are all key components. “Process” emphasizes the overall customer experience, from initial contact to post-purchase support. Streamlined, efficient processes directly impact customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Finally, “Physical Evidence,” or Packaging, encompasses the tangible aspects a customer interacts with – from product packaging to the store environment. A well-designed package not only protects the product but also communicates brand values and enhances the overall experience. Consider the impact of luxurious packaging on perceived value, or the minimalist aesthetic that reflects a brand’s commitment to sustainability. The strategic use of packaging alone can greatly influence purchasing decisions.

Understanding and effectively utilizing all seven Ps allows businesses to create a cohesive and impactful marketing strategy. By carefully considering each element, companies can craft a more comprehensive, customer-centric approach, driving sales and building lasting brand loyalty.

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