Choosing the most secure payment method depends on your priorities, but let’s analyze the options.
Debit and Credit Cards: A Closer Look
- Credit Cards: Often touted as the most secure due to robust fraud protection and zero liability policies (meaning you’re not held responsible for unauthorized charges). This is mandated by law in many countries, offering significant consumer protection. However, responsible card usage, including monitoring statements and reporting suspicious activity, remains crucial.
- Debit Cards: While offering similar security features to credit cards (like encryption and fraud monitoring), debit cards directly access your bank account. This means unauthorized transactions can directly deplete your funds, unlike credit cards where you’re not liable for fraudulent charges. Consider setting daily or transaction limits for enhanced security.
Digital Wallets and Payment Apps: Enhanced Security?
Services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and PayPal add extra layers of security through tokenization (replacing your actual card details with unique tokens). This reduces the risk of your card information being compromised if the app or device is stolen. However, the security of these platforms ultimately rests on the security of the provider itself, and breaches are still possible.
- Factor Authentication: Many digital wallets and payment apps support multi-factor authentication (MFA), adding an extra layer of protection. Enable this whenever possible for added security.
- Biometric Security: Features like fingerprint and facial recognition further enhance security by preventing unauthorized access to your payment information.
Overall: While credit cards benefit from strong legal protections, a multi-layered approach is best. Use strong passwords, enable MFA wherever available, monitor your accounts regularly, and choose reputable payment processors. The “most secure” method is a combination of responsible financial habits and leveraging the inherent security features of your chosen payment method.
How can you protect payment card data?
Keeping your credit card data safe online is paramount in today’s digital world. Here’s how to bolster your defenses beyond the basics:
Secure Websites: Look for the padlock icon in your browser’s address bar and ensure the URL starts with “https”. This indicates a secure connection using SSL/TLS encryption, scrambling your data as it travels. Consider installing a browser extension that actively flags potentially unsafe websites. Many browsers offer built-in security features; familiarize yourself with them.
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): This adds an extra layer of security. After entering your password, you’ll receive a code via text message, email, or authenticator app to verify your identity. Enable 2FA wherever possible – it dramatically reduces the risk of unauthorized access even if your password is compromised.
Data Sharing: Never share your full credit card details unnecessarily. Legitimate businesses will never ask for your CVV (Card Verification Value) via email or phone. Be wary of unsolicited requests for your information.
Phishing Awareness: Phishing scams are increasingly sophisticated. Legitimate companies will never send emails asking for your password or credit card details. Always verify the sender’s identity before clicking on links or opening attachments. Check the email address carefully for subtle misspellings or inconsistencies.
Beyond the Basics: Consider using a virtual credit card or a service that generates temporary card numbers for online purchases. This allows you to make transactions without exposing your actual credit card details. Regularly monitor your credit card statements for any unauthorized charges.
Hardware Security: Keep your computer and mobile devices updated with the latest security patches. Use strong, unique passwords, and consider a password manager to help you generate and store them securely. Regularly back up your data to prevent data loss in case of theft or damage.
What are three ways in which you can protect your data?
As a frequent buyer of popular tech products, I’ve learned a few extra tricks beyond the basics. Backing up data is crucial; consider cloud services with version history, not just local drives. For strong passwords, use a reputable password manager – it generates, stores, and auto-fills complex passwords, eliminating the guesswork and human error. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is non-negotiable; the more layers of security, the better. Beyond being aware of surroundings, consider using a privacy screen protector for your laptop, especially in public places. Suspicious emails are a constant threat; never click links or download attachments from unknown senders. Antivirus and malware protection should be comprehensive, including real-time scanning and regular updates – I prefer subscription services that offer proactive threat detection. Device protection extends beyond simply locking it; enable remote wipe capabilities and consider using a physical locking mechanism like a Kensington lock, especially for laptops and tablets. Finally, regularly review your device’s security settings and software updates. Keeping everything up-to-date is critical.
How do you ensure the security of user data in a payment system?
Securing user data in a payment system is paramount. A robust strategy goes beyond simply ticking boxes; it requires a layered approach encompassing several key areas.
PCI DSS Compliance: Understanding and adhering to Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) requirements is fundamental. This isn’t just a checklist; it’s a framework for building a secure foundation. Failure to comply exposes your business to significant financial and reputational risks.
Data Encryption: Employing Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption is non-negotiable. TLS 1.2 or higher is crucial for protecting data in transit. Consider exploring technologies like Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) to enhance security against future decryption.
Authentication: Implementing 3D Secure 2 (3DS2) significantly reduces fraudulent transactions by adding an extra layer of authentication for cardholders. Coupled with robust multi-factor authentication (MFA) for user accounts, this creates a strong defensive posture against unauthorized access.
Card Verification Value (CVV): Always require the CVV code during transactions. While not foolproof, it acts as an additional check against card-not-present fraud.
Payment Tokenization: This crucial step replaces sensitive card details with non-sensitive tokens. This minimizes the risk associated with storing and processing actual card information. Consider tokenization providers and their security certifications.
Website Security: A secure website infrastructure is essential. Regular security audits, penetration testing, and proactive patching of vulnerabilities are critical. Employ a web application firewall (WAF) to mitigate common web attacks.
- Robust Fraud Detection: Integrating a sophisticated fraud detection tool allows for real-time monitoring and prevention of fraudulent activities. Look for tools with machine learning capabilities for adaptive threat detection.
- Data Minimization and Retention Policies: Only collect and retain the minimum amount of user data necessary. Implement clear data retention policies to ensure data is deleted securely after its purpose is fulfilled.
- Regular Security Assessments: Conduct regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing to identify and address weaknesses proactively. Independent security audits provide an objective view of your system’s security posture.
- Employee Training: Invest in comprehensive security awareness training for all employees. Human error remains a significant vulnerability, and training minimizes the risk of internal threats.
Incident Response Plan: Having a well-defined and tested incident response plan is vital. Knowing how to respond to security breaches minimizes damage and helps maintain user trust.
What is the best payment security?
OMG, payment security is SO important! Like, seriously, I need to protect my precious shopping funds! So, here’s the lowdown on the best stuff:
Top 5 payment gateway security features – These are the must-haves! They’re like, the ultimate bodyguard for your credit card details. Think of them as the super stylish, highly trained secret service agents of the online shopping world.
PCI DSS Compliance – This is like the gold standard! It means the payment processor is super serious about security and follows all the rules. Think of it as the ultimate seal of approval, a VIP pass to worry-free shopping sprees!
SSL and TLS protocols – These encrypt your data so it’s unreadable to hackers. It’s like a secret code only your bank and the website can understand, keeping your info safe from prying eyes! Look for that little padlock icon in your browser’s address bar – it’s a sign of safety!
3D Secure – This adds an extra layer of security, like a secret password for your card. It’s an extra step, but it’s worth it for that peace of mind knowing that only *you* can authorize transactions. Think of it as your personal shopping assistant double-checking everything.
Tokenization – This replaces your actual card details with a unique code. So even if a hacker gets hold of the code, they can’t actually use your card. It’s like a super clever disguise for your real card number. Genius!
Address Verification Service (AVS) – This verifies the billing address you provide matches the address on file with your bank. It’s an extra check to make sure you’re really you, thwarting any sneaky attempts at fraud. It’s like a super-smart bouncer at the online shopping club.
What is the safest form of electronic payment?
Determining the “safest” electronic payment method is complex, as security depends on multiple factors including user habits and the specific provider. However, some consistently rank higher in security than others. Credit cards offer robust fraud protection via chargeback mechanisms and sophisticated security protocols. PayPal, while not inherently safer than a credit card, adds a layer of separation between your bank account and the merchant, reducing direct exposure to potential breaches. Digital wallets like Apple Pay and Google Pay leverage tokenization, replacing your actual card details with unique codes for added security. Venmo’s convenience is offset by its reliance on your linked bank account or debit card, making it more vulnerable to account compromises if security is lax. Virtual credit cards, offering temporary card numbers for single purchases, offer excellent protection against recurring fraud. Direct wire transfers, while secure in the transfer process itself, are irreversible and vulnerable to scams if the recipient is fraudulent. Debit cards offer less protection than credit cards in the event of fraudulent charges, as funds are directly debited from your account. Finally, it’s crucial to avoid online retailers lacking robust security features (indicated by a lack of HTTPS, outdated security protocols, or poor website design). Thoroughly research retailers before purchasing.
Ultimately, a multi-layered approach is best. Diversify your payment methods, use strong passwords, enable two-factor authentication whenever possible, and regularly monitor your bank and card statements for suspicious activity. No single method offers absolute immunity to fraud, but by understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each option and employing best practices, you can significantly minimize your risk.
Which is safer, an ACH or a debit card?
When it comes to safety, both debit cards and ACH payments offer distinct advantages, but the best choice depends on your specific needs and risk tolerance.
Debit Cards: Real-time Protection
- Debit cards benefit from readily available fraud protection like PIN verification and EMV chip technology. These features provide immediate protection against unauthorized physical card use.
- Many banks offer additional fraud monitoring and alerts, notifying you of suspicious activity in real-time.
- Liability for fraudulent transactions is generally limited under federal law, providing significant consumer protection.
ACH Payments: Behind-the-Scenes Security
- ACH transactions rely heavily on encryption and robust banking protocols to secure transaction data. This protection operates largely “behind the scenes,” unlike the visible security features of debit cards.
- While offering excellent protection against data breaches, ACH lacks the immediate, point-of-sale fraud prevention of debit cards. Disputes are handled differently and often take longer to resolve.
- ACH transactions are generally irreversible once processed, meaning a higher degree of certainty but also less flexibility in case of error.
Key Differences in Fraud Vulnerability:
- Card-present fraud: Debit cards are more vulnerable to this (skimming, counterfeit cards).
- Card-not-present fraud: While both methods can be vulnerable, ACH transactions might offer slightly better protection against online fraud if the recipient has strong security practices.
- Account takeover fraud: Both methods are vulnerable; strong password practices and multi-factor authentication are crucial for both.
In short: Debit cards offer immediate, tangible security measures at the point of sale. ACH transactions prioritize data encryption and banking protocols for secure transmission, but lack immediate fraud prevention.
How do I keep my data private?
Data privacy in today’s digital world is paramount. Here’s how to bolster your defenses against prying eyes and malicious actors:
Password Power: Weak passwords are an open invitation for trouble. Employ strong, unique passwords for each account. Consider using a password manager – these tools generate complex passwords and securely store them, eliminating the need to remember dozens of different combinations. Look for features like multi-factor authentication (MFA) for an extra layer of security.
Secure Online Shopping: When shopping online, ensure the website uses HTTPS (look for the padlock icon in your browser’s address bar). Only use reputable online payment services with robust security measures. Be wary of unfamiliar websites or those with poor reviews regarding security practices.
Navigating Online Risks: The internet is rife with threats. Understanding these threats is crucial for staying safe.
- Phishing: Be cautious of suspicious emails or messages requesting personal information. Legitimate organizations rarely ask for sensitive details via email.
- Malware: Keep your software updated, including your operating system, antivirus, and browser. Install a reputable anti-malware program and regularly scan your devices.
- Social Engineering: Be wary of unsolicited contacts, especially those attempting to exploit your emotions or trust to gain access to information.
Beyond the Basics:
- Regularly review your privacy settings on all your online accounts. Understand what data each platform collects and how it’s used.
- Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever possible. This adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification, like a code sent to your phone, beyond your password.
- Use strong encryption when transferring sensitive files or communicating with others. Tools like Signal or end-to-end encrypted email services can greatly improve your security.
- Keep your devices updated with the latest security patches. Software updates often contain critical security fixes that protect against vulnerabilities.
- Regularly back up your data to a secure location, ideally an offline or cloud-based service with strong encryption.
What is the most common way credit card data is stolen?
The most common method for stealing credit card data isn’t a sophisticated hack; it’s the deceptively simple phishing scam. Think carefully crafted emails, texts, or websites mimicking legitimate organizations. These lures trick you into revealing your card details or login credentials. This isn’t just about your credit card – access to your personal data opens doors to a wide array of identity theft.
Beyond Phishing: Other Vulnerabilities
- Malware: Viruses and spyware installed on your computer or phone can secretly record keystrokes (keyloggers), capturing your credit card number and other sensitive information as you type.
- Skimming: Malicious devices attached to ATMs or card readers in stores can clone your card’s information.
- Data Breaches: Large-scale data breaches affecting retailers or other businesses you do business with can expose your credit card details if your information was not properly secured.
- Insider Threats: Employees with access to sensitive data can sometimes commit fraud.
Minimizing Your Risk: Practical Steps
- Scrutinize Emails and Links: Never click on links or open attachments from unknown senders. Verify the sender’s identity independently.
- Strong Passwords and Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Use unique, strong passwords for all online accounts and enable MFA whenever possible.
- Regular Security Updates: Keep your operating system, antivirus software, and apps updated to patch security vulnerabilities.
- Monitor Your Accounts: Regularly review your credit card and bank statements for unauthorized transactions.
Consider Comprehensive Protection: While proactive measures are crucial, identity theft insurance can provide an additional layer of security and financial recovery in case the worst happens. A policy offering substantial coverage, like $1,000,000 in identity theft insurance, can significantly alleviate the burden of recovery.
What cardholder data can never be stored?
When handling cardholder data, unwavering adherence to security best practices is paramount. Never store the card verification value (CVV) or CVV2 – that three- or four-digit security code found on the card itself. This code is specifically designed to protect against unauthorized online transactions. Storing it represents a significant security vulnerability, exposing your systems to potential breaches and hefty fines under regulations like PCI DSS. Similarly, never store the personal identification number (PIN) or its encrypted equivalent (PIN block). The PIN is the ultimate authentication factor for cardholders and its compromise leads to devastating consequences, including fraudulent withdrawals and identity theft. Remember, even encrypted PINs, if compromised, can be potentially decrypted, rendering the encryption futile. For secure processing, leverage tokenization or other secure payment gateways that allow you to handle sensitive payment information without directly storing it.
Maintaining a robust security posture requires a multi-layered approach encompassing secure storage, encryption at rest and in transit, access control restrictions, and regular security audits. Ignoring these fundamental security principles exposes your business to significant risks, including financial losses, legal repercussions, reputational damage, and loss of customer trust.
Consider adopting advanced security measures like tokenization, which replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive substitutes (tokens), and point-to-point encryption, which encrypts card data from the moment it’s entered until it reaches the payment processor. These practices ensure that even in the event of a breach, the sensitive data itself remains unreadable and unusable to attackers. Prioritize security and protect your customers’ sensitive information.
What is the best online security?
Choosing the “best” online security depends heavily on individual needs, but after rigorously testing dozens of suites, some clear winners emerge. For comprehensive features and exceptional performance across the board, Norton 360 Deluxe consistently excels. Its robust malware protection, VPN, password manager, and PC performance tools offer excellent value.
However, if identity theft protection is paramount, Bitdefender Ultimate Security and Norton 360 with LifeLock are top contenders. Bitdefender boasts lightning-fast scan speeds without sacrificing detection rates, while LifeLock’s inclusion in the Norton suite provides a comprehensive approach to personal data protection, going beyond simple antivirus functionality. The LifeLock features, particularly, represent a significant investment in proactive identity theft prevention.
Our in-depth reviews delve into the nuances of each suite: We examine not only malware detection rates (using independent lab tests like AV-Comparatives and AV-Test), but also the usability of the interface, the impact on system performance (startup times, resource consumption), and the value offered by extra features such as VPNs and cloud storage. We’ve even tested the effectiveness of their customer support.
Key factors to consider when choosing:
Budget: Prices vary significantly. Consider what features are essential and choose a suite that aligns with your financial capabilities.
Operating systems: Ensure compatibility with all your devices (Windows, macOS, iOS, Android).
Features: Prioritize features based on your risk profile. Do you need a VPN? Password management? Parental controls? Identity theft protection?
Explore our detailed reviews to make an informed decision. Finding the right online security solution is an investment in peace of mind; choose wisely.
How do I make sure my payment is secure?
Online security is paramount when making purchases. Here’s a breakdown of how to ensure your payment is secure, going beyond the basics:
Website Verification: Go beyond a cursory glance. Look for independent security seals from reputable organizations like VeriSign or McAfee SECURE. Check the website’s “About Us” section for contact information and a physical address. Be wary of sites with poor grammar, unprofessional design, or excessive pop-ups.
Payment Methods: While credit cards offer some buyer protection, consider using services like PayPal or other trusted digital wallets. These often provide an extra layer of security by obscuring your actual credit card information from the merchant.
Strong Passwords and Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Utilize strong, unique passwords for all online accounts. Enable 2FA whenever possible, adding an extra barrier to unauthorized access. This significantly reduces the risk of account compromise.
What to Do if Something Goes Wrong: Immediately contact your bank or credit card company to report any unauthorized charges. Report the incident to the website where the transaction occurred, and consider filing a complaint with your consumer protection agency. Keep all transaction records and communication with the relevant parties.
Beyond the Basics:
- Regularly review your bank and credit card statements for any suspicious activity.
- Be cautious of phishing emails and never click on links from unknown senders.
- Keep your software updated, including your operating system and browser, to patch known security vulnerabilities.
- Use a reputable antivirus and anti-malware program to protect your computer from threats.
Can ACH payments be hacked?
ACH payments, while convenient, aren’t immune to hacking. Cybercriminals employ various methods to steal your money through compromised ACH access.
Malware is a major threat. Hidden on infected devices, it can secretly record keystrokes (keylogging) capturing your login details and other sensitive information. This malware can be spread through malicious downloads, infected email attachments, or even compromised websites.
Phishing attacks are another common vector. These scams trick you into revealing your login credentials through deceptive emails, websites, or text messages impersonating legitimate financial institutions. Sophisticated phishing attempts are increasingly difficult to spot.
Once criminals obtain your login details, they can directly access your bank account and initiate unauthorized ACH transfers. These transfers often go unnoticed until the victim reviews their account statements. The funds are typically transferred to accounts controlled by the attacker, often located both domestically and internationally, making recovery difficult.
Here’s a breakdown of how this unfolds:
- Compromise: Your computer or device is infected with malware or you fall victim to a phishing scam.
- Data Theft: Your banking login credentials (username and password) are stolen.
- Unauthorized Access: The criminal logs into your account using your stolen credentials.
- ACH Fraud: The attacker initiates fraudulent ACH transfers to accounts they control.
- Financial Loss: You lose money from your account without your knowledge or authorization.
Protection Strategies:
- Use strong, unique passwords for all online accounts, including your bank accounts.
- Install and maintain robust antivirus and anti-malware software on all your devices.
- Be cautious of suspicious emails, links, and attachments. Always verify the sender’s identity before clicking on anything.
- Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever possible to add an extra layer of security.
- Regularly monitor your bank account statements for any unauthorized transactions.
Strong security practices are your best defense against ACH payment hacking. Staying vigilant and informed is crucial in protecting your finances in today’s digital landscape.
How close does someone have to be to scan your credit card?
Banks say credit card RFID chips are encrypted, but that’s not the whole story. I’ve read reports showing DIY or readily available scanners can easily grab your name and number. Think about it – a device the size of a phone, operating at 30 dBm, can steal your info from a shocking 10 feet away! That’s far enough to be across a crowded street or even inside a cafe. Scary, right? Always shield your cards, especially in crowded areas, and consider using RFID-blocking wallets or sleeves. These inexpensive protectors create a Faraday cage, preventing these scanners from reading your card’s data. You can find them easily online – I always search for “RFID blocking wallet” and compare reviews. It’s a small price to pay for peace of mind.
How do I stop my data from being tracked?
As a frequent buyer of privacy-focused products, I can offer a more comprehensive approach to stopping data tracking. Simply turning on airplane mode is a temporary fix. For sustained protection, consider these steps:
- Device-Level Settings: Beyond location services, review all permissions granted to apps. Many collect data beyond what’s strictly necessary. Regularly audit and revoke unnecessary permissions. Consider using a dedicated privacy manager app to simplify this process.
- Browser Security: Clearing cookies is essential, but also utilize browser extensions designed to block trackers. These extensions often go beyond simple cookie blocking, identifying and preventing a wider range of tracking mechanisms. Private browsing modes are helpful, but not foolproof; consider a privacy-focused browser like Brave or Firefox with enhanced privacy settings.
- Operating System Updates: Keep your phone’s operating system and apps updated. Updates often include security patches that address vulnerabilities exploited by trackers.
- Hardware Considerations: Some phones offer more robust privacy features than others. Research devices with a strong emphasis on privacy and security before purchasing. Consider devices with built-in privacy-enhancing technologies.
Beyond the basics:
- Use strong, unique passwords: Avoid password reuse across different accounts.
- Enable two-factor authentication (2FA): This adds an extra layer of security to your accounts.
- Be mindful of what you share online: Limit the personal information you post on social media and other online platforms.
- Review your privacy settings on all your accounts: Many services offer options to limit data collection and sharing. Actively manage these settings.
What is the simple rule to protect cardholder data if you don t?
As a frequent online shopper, I know how crucial it is to protect my card details. The simplest rule is: only give your full card number (PAN) when absolutely necessary. Websites and services should only store it if they truly need it for things like recurring billing – and even then, they should heavily protect it. Many sites only need the last four digits for identification, and that’s all they should see! Never send your full card number via email, text, or chat – these are ridiculously unsafe.
Think about it: If a site only needs your card details for a one-time purchase, why are they keeping it? That’s a red flag. Look for sites using HTTPS (the padlock in the address bar), which indicates a secure connection. And always check the company’s privacy policy to see how they handle your data. Knowing your rights and being proactive about protecting your information is key to safe online shopping.
PCI DSS compliance is something to look for. It’s a set of security standards designed to protect cardholder data. A site adhering to it indicates a higher level of data security measures are in place.
Ultimately, be smart about where you shop and what information you share. A little caution goes a long way in keeping your financial data safe.
Can people steal your credit card info through your wallet?
Yes, contactless payment cards are vulnerable to theft via RFID skimming. Thieves can use specialized devices to read your card’s information from a short distance, even if your wallet is closed. This isn’t just theoretical; extensive testing by independent security researchers has repeatedly demonstrated the ease of this attack. The range can be surprisingly large, up to several inches in some cases, depending on the reader’s capabilities and the shielding of your wallet. This means a thief doesn’t even need physical contact to steal your data.
Protecting yourself is crucial. Standard wallets offer little to no protection against RFID skimming. Numerous tests have shown that RFID-blocking wallets, however, significantly reduce this risk. These wallets incorporate specialized materials that effectively block the radio frequencies used in RFID transactions. When selecting an RFID-blocking wallet, look for independent testing verification confirming its effectiveness against a range of RFID frequencies. Don’t just rely on the manufacturer’s claims; seek out third-party certifications and reviews. The level of protection varies greatly depending on the materials and design. Some wallets offer more comprehensive protection than others. Thorough testing is necessary to ensure your wallet truly protects your financial information.
Beyond RFID-blocking wallets, consider regularly checking your credit and debit card statements for unauthorized transactions. This helps detect and respond to skimming attempts quickly.
How do I protect my cardholder data?
Protecting cardholder data is crucial, especially with how much I shop online. Physical security is a big part of it, going beyond just locking the door. Think about access controls – limiting who can even get near the servers storing that information. Detailed visitor logs are vital; knowing exactly who accessed what and when is essential for audits and incident response. Surveillance systems provide an extra layer, acting as a deterrent and offering evidence in case something goes wrong.
Beyond the basics:
- Regular security audits: These aren’t just a one-off thing; you need consistent checks and updates to ensure your systems are still secure. Think penetration testing, vulnerability scanning – those are things companies like Amazon likely do regularly.
- Employee training: Employees need to understand data security best practices. Phishing attempts and social engineering are huge threats, and training helps mitigate that risk. I’ve seen plenty of scams targeting customers, and a well-trained staff can stop those attacks from getting into the system.
- Data encryption: This is absolutely vital. Both data in transit (when it’s moving) and data at rest (when it’s stored) needs to be encrypted using strong algorithms. The better the encryption, the harder it is for hackers to get in. Think about how many companies use things like TLS 1.3 for security – it’s a standard for a reason.
Going further with data management:
- Principle of least privilege: Only give employees access to the data they absolutely need to do their jobs. This limits the impact if an account is compromised.
- Regular backups: Frequent backups are critical in case of data loss or corruption. Having a recovery plan in place is essential.
- Compliance: Staying compliant with relevant regulations like PCI DSS is essential. These standards give a framework to build secure systems – that’s a critical element to preventing huge problems.